Cardiac MRI/CT 5,8

    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses radio waves and magnets to create detailed images of the heart and blood vessels.

    • Computed Tomography (CT) uses x-rays from multiple different angles to depict an image of your heart.

    • Both CT and MRI are non-invasive procedures.

    • Results can be used to identify the structures of the heart and potential heart defects.

Cardiac Catheterization 6

    • A medical procedure where a flexible hollow tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel (usually in the arm, groin, or neck) that is then threaded through the blood vessel and into the heart. 

    • It can be used to treat or diagnose some heart conditions. 

Chest x-ray:3

    • An imaging technique that uses x-rays to produce images of the heart, lungs, blood vessels, airways, and bones of the chest and spine.

    • A noninvasive imaging test that uses a small amount of radiation to produce an image of the chest.

    • Used to diagnose and monitor conditions affecting the structures inside the chest.

Electrocardiogram (EKG):1

    • Uses electrodes attached to your skin (normally in the chest, arms, or legs) to record electrical signals of the heart

    • Results are typically shown as a line graph. 

    • An EKG can detail the patient’s heart rate, rhythm, timing of contractions, strength of contractions, and the size and position of the heart’s chambers

Echocardiogram:2

  • Also known as cardiac ultrasound.

    • An imaging technique that uses sound waves to create images of the heart and nearby blood vessels.

    • Shows how blood flows through the heart and heart valves.

Exercise stress tests:7

    • A test where you wear an electrocardiogram whilst exercising on a treadmill or standardized bicycle

    • Measure your heart’s function under stress (4 - EA)

Pulse oximetry:4

    • This device measures the amount of oxygen in your blood.

    • The patient puts the device on the tip of their finger and the electronic device will measure the saturation of oxygen carried in your blood cells.

Holter monitor:7

    • Portable ECG device that records the heart's activity during daily activities(2)

    • Can be worn for 24-48 hours while the heart’s information is collected. It collects information from each heart beat including your heart’s rhythm and rate over long periods of time (9)

Ultrasound:

    • uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time photos of internal organs and soft tissues 

References:

  1. Dr. Steven Reisman. 12-lead Electrocardiogram (EKG). New York Cardiac Diagnostic Center. March 5, 2023. Accessed December 21, 2024. https://newyorkcardiac.com/12-lead-electrocardiogram-ekgElectrocardiogram(EKG)

  2. Mayo Clinic Staff. Echocardiogram. Mayo Clinic. Accessed December 21, 2024. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/echocardiogram/about/pac-20393856

  3. Cleveland Clinic. Chest X-Ray. Cleveland Clinic. November 20, 2023. Accessed December 21, 2024. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/10228-chest-x-ray

  4. American Lung Association. Pulse Oximetry. American Lung Association. Accessed December 21, 2024. https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-procedures-and-tests/pulse-oximetry

  5. The American Heart Association. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The American Heart Association. April 13, 2023. Accessed December 21, 2024. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri

  6. Cleveland Clinic. Double Inlet Left Ventricle. Cleveland Clinic. October 27, 2022. Accessed December 21, 2025. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14786-double-inlet-left-ventricle

  7. Mayo Clinic Staff. Ebstein anomaly. Mayo Clinic. June 9, 2023. Accessed September 18, 2025. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ebsteins-anomaly/symptoms-causes/syc-20352127#:~:text=Ebstein%20anomaly%20is%20a%20rare%20heart%20problem%20that's%20present%20at,is%20called%20the%20tricuspid%20valve.

  8. Cleveland Clinic. CT (Computed Tomography) Scan. Cleveland Clinic. Accessed July 16, 2025. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/4808-ct-computed-tomography-scan

  9. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Ebstein’s Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Accessed January 18, 2025. https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/ebstein-s-anomaly-tricuspid-valve&sa=D&source=editors&ust=1737258106456685&usg=AOvVaw20baziv9jr_TMDQPexaVuo